DescriptionI.
Choose the term that best fits the description.
a. The word “pretty” is pronounced [phɹɪɾi].
phonemic
allophonic
b. When hearing the word “comfortable”
pronounced as [kʌɱtɚbəl], English
listeners hear it as [kʌmfɚtəbəl].
acoustic
perceptual
In French, pronouncing either [y] or [u]
can change the meaning of a word, as in
« tu » and « tout ».
phonemic
allophonic
d. In the transition between the vowel [a] and
the consonant [d], there is a descending F1
formant.
phonetics
phonology
e. A velar click is produced with a double
closure; the air is then rarified by
lowering the middle part of the tongue;
releasing the closure produces a click
sound.
phonetics
phonology
c.
1
II.
Phonetics
a. What is the active articulator in each of the following sounds? (If necessary,
consult the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) and/or your course notes.):
[ɲ]
____________________________
[ɴ]
____________________________
[p]
____________________________
[t]
____________________________
[v]
____________________________
[x]
____________________________
[ʒ]
____________________________
b. What is the passive articulator in each of the following sounds?
[ɓ]
[d]
[j]
[m]
[ɱ]
[ʀ]
[s]
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
III. IPA. Look at the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) charts and/or in your course
notes. Write the IPA symbol(s) for each of the following articulatory descriptions. Don’t
forget to add diacritics if necessary. Type your answers or write neatly and clearly. Here
is a website where you can copy and paste the IPA symbols into your document IPA
Keyboard.
a. close-mid front unrounded nasal vowel
[
]
b. voiceless alveo-palatal affricate
[
]
c. voiceless interdental fricative
[
]
d. high front unrounded lax oral vowel
[
]
e. open-mid central unrounded lax oral vowel
[
]
f. voiced bilabial fricative
[
]
g. high back unrounded vowel
[
]
h. voiceless ejective uvular stop
[
]
2
i. close-mid front unrounded oral vowel
[
]
j. voiceless labio-dental fricative
[
]
IV. For each pair of symbols, choose the one that corresponds to the articulatory
description.
a. high central unrounded vowel
[ɯ]
[ɨ]
b. creaky voice vowel
[ã]
[a̰]
c. voiced uvular stop
[ɢ]
[ɡ]
d. high front lax vowel
[ɪ]
[i]
e. glottal stop
[ʕ]
[ʔ]
f. low front round vowel
[ɶ]
[ø]
g. dental affricate
[θ]
[tθ]
h. post-alveolar fricative
[ʒ]
[ʝ]
i. vowel with low tone
[à]
[á]
j. open-mid back vowel
[ʌ]
[ʊ]
V. Give the articulatory description for each of the following IPA symbols:
a. [ɔ] _______________________________________________________________
b. [ə] ________________________________________________________________
c. [a] _______________________________________________________________
d. [ɱ] _______________________________________________________________
e. [d̪] _______________________________________________________________
f. [ʊ] _______________________________________________________________
g. [ɥ] _______________________________________________________________
h. [æ] _______________________________________________________________
3
i. [œ] _______________________________________________________________
j. [dz] _______________________________________________________________
VI. For each set of words, choose all the words that contain a sound that corresponds to
the description of how it is articulated. Think about the phonetic transcription, not the
orthography. Consult a dictionary for the phonetic transcription if necessary.
a. active = lower lip; passive = upper lip or teeth
mesh nice
sash
habit
thumb please autumn
b. active = lower lip; passive = upper lip or teeth; the air is not completely blocked
in the oral cavity
flat
trap
those tough mouse blouse very of
phony
c. active = the apex or blade; passive = the teeth or the front of the alveolar ridge
tell
odd
base
mess
mercy
science
pretzel
raise
d. active = the blade; passive = the upper and lower teeth
hit
great
short
bath
bother
high
e. active = blade; passive = the back of the alveolar ridge; the air is not completely
blocked in the oral cavity
knife
bash
amaze
stable
loss
nation
treasure
sure
f. active = any active articulator; passive = any passive articulator; there is a
significant narrowing in the vocal tract; the velum is raised
cough
crave
either
thyme
psychic
lake
which
g. active = any active articulator; passive = any passive articulator; the velum is
lowered
dumb
think
knob
deaf
while
gnostic
hang
h. active = any active articulator; passive = any passive articulator; the air is
completely blocked in the vocal tract; the velum is raised
pack
grab
thyme
old
choir
unique
rogue
wrong
stick
4
i. active = the apex or blade; passive = any passive articulator; the air passes by
the sides of the tongue
rheumatism
spell
wrong
right
able
onion
j. active = any active articulator; passive = any passive articulator; there is a
narrowing in the vocal tract, but not enough to cause noise/turbulence.
wash
when
use
one
gate
miss
onion
rut
dull
very
k. a close vowel
robe
please
bread
foot
laugh
l. a low vowel
friend
laugh
voice
father
flute
jaw
love
m. a front vowel
said
young
wait
mat
blood
gym
goat
soul
wolf
soup
friend
laugh
cough
laugh
show
busy
n. a back vowel
lazy
English
cough
o. a round vowel
blue
love
sigh
people
top
************************************
5
Articulatory Phonetics
LIN2320
Articulatory Phonetics
Objective:
Learn the association between the articulators
and the sounds they can produce.
Articulatory Terms:
The articulators
Articulator
1. Lips
2. Teeth
3. Alveolar Ridge
4. Hard palate
5. Soft palate (Velum)
6. Uvula
7. Pharynx
8. Larynx
Articulator
1. Tongue tip (apex)
2. Tongue blade
3. Tongue body
Sounds
1. (Bi)Labial
2. (Inter)Dental
3. Alveolar
4. Palatal
5. Velar
6. Uvular
7. Pharyngeal or Radical
8. Laryngeal (Glottal)
Sounds
1. Apical
2. Laminal
3. Dorsal
Articulatory Terms
Active and Passive Articulators
The active articulator (mobile) comes into contact or comes close to the passive articulator (fixed)
Sound
Active
Passive
Bilabial
Labiodental
Interdental
Dental
Alveolar
Post-alveolar
Palatal
Velar
Uvular
Pharyngeal
Laryngeal (Glottal)
Lower lip
Lower lip
Tongue tip or blade (coronal)
Tongue tip or blade (coronal)
Tongue tip or blade (coronal)
Tongue tip or blade (coronal)
Tongue tip, blade, or front of body
Back of tongue body (dorsum)
Back of tongue body (dorsum)
Walls of the pharynx (*tongue root)
Vocal folds
Upper lip
Upper teeth
Teeth
Upper teeth
Front of alveolar ridge
Back of alveolar ridge
Hard palate
Velum
Uvula
*the tongue root is sometimes called the anterior pharyngeal wall
Articulatory Terms
The velum: both passive and active
1. Passive for velar sounds, e.g. [k, g]
tongue dorsum (active) raises to make contact with velum
2. Active for nasal sounds, e.g. [m, ɔ̃]
velum lowers to let air enter the nasal cavity
Speech Organs and Phonetic Symbols
See MRI videos of the pronunciation of IPA symbols
IPA Consonants
http://www.internationalphoneticassociation.org/content/ipa-chart, CC-BY-SA.
IPA Vowels
http://www.internationalphoneticassociation.org/content/ipa-chart, CC-BY-SA.
IPA Diacritics
http://www.internationalphoneticassociation.org/content/ipa-chart, CC-BY-SA.
IPA Other symbols
http://www.internationalphoneticassociation.org/content/ipa-chart, CC-BY-SA.
The Larynx : Phonation
State of the vocal folds:
vocal folds vibrating = voicing
IPA consonant chart: symbol to the right in the cell
creaky voice: diacritic
[ ̰ ] e.g. [ b̰ a̰ ]
breathy voice: diacritic [ ̤ ] e.g. [ b̤ a̤ ]
vocal folds open = voiceless (absence of voicing)
IPA consonant chart: symbol to the left in the cell
aspirated consonants: diacritic [ʰ] e.g. [tʰ, dʰ]
Supra-laryngeal/Supra-glottal
➢
pharyngeal cavity
➢
oral cavity
➢
nasal cavity
Pharyngeal Cavity
pharyngeal sounds: the root of the tongue is moved
towards the back wall of the pharynx : consonants
e.g. Egyptian Arabic
“washed” istahamma [ħ] (voiceless)
“uncle” Aamm [ʕ] (voiced)
Oral Cavity
➢
the tongue (active)
➢
roof of the oral cavity (passive)
lower lip (active); upper lip (passive)
teeth (passive)
The tongue
Apex (apical) : diacritic [ ̺ ] e.g. [ t̺ d̺
]
Blade (laminal): diacritic [ ̻ ] e.g. [ t̻ d̻ ]
Dorsum (dorsal)
palatal, velar, uvular consonants
vowels
Root (radical) = pharyngeal sounds
sounds with the root pulled back = RTR (retracted tongue
root): diacritic [ ̙ ] e.g. [ e̙ ]
Dorsum
When the tongue is in the form of a dome
Place of articulation:
The top of the dome underneath the hard palate
palatal consonants, front vowels
The top of the dome underneath the velum (soft
palate)
velar and uvular consonants, back vowels
The roof of the oral cavity
lips: bilabial consonants, round vowels
teeth: dental consonants: diacritic [ ̪ ] e.g. [ t̪ d̪ ]
tongue between the teeth: interdental consonants [ θ ð ]
lower lip makes contact with the upper teeth: labiodental consonants
the front of the alveolar ridge: alveolar consonants
the back of the alveolar ridge: post-alveolar consonants
apex of the tongue makes contact with the front of the hard palate: retroflex consonants
the dorsum of the tongue makes contact with the hard palate: palatal consonants (and front vowels, but without
contact)
the dorsum of the tongue makes contact with the velum: velar consonants (and back vowels, but without contact)
the dorsum of the tongue makes contact with the uvula: uvular consonants
The Nasal Cavity
Passage of air through the nasal cavity
Position of the velum
1. Velum raised: no air through the nasal cavity
Oral sounds (consonants and vowels)
2. Velum lowered: air passes through the nasal cavity
Nasal sound (consonants and vowels)
Classification of sounds
4 articulatory parameters :
➢Manner of Articulation
➢Place of Articulation (mostly named after
the passive articulator)
➢Voicing
➢Nasality
Manner of Articulation (MOA)
The way in which air flows through the vocal tract
Manner of Articulation:
Vowels, Glides and Consonants
Vowels : no obstruction in the oral cavity: air flows freely
Glides: sounds that are intermediate between vowels and consonants
articulated like vowels, but the articulators are a little closer together
glides occupy the position of a consonant in the syllable
transitional sounds
[ w, j, ɥ, ɰ ]
➢ Consonants : total obstruction or narrowing in the oral or
pharyngeal cavities or at the glottis
Manner of Articulation: Consonants
Consonants : obstruction or narrowing in the vocal tract
Stops : total obstruction in the oral cavity (or at the glottis)
nasal consonants are stops
Fricatives : partial obstruction of airflow with noise
Liquids : partial obstruction of airflow without noise : [ ɹ ɻ l ɭ ʎ ʟ ]
Manner of Articulation
Stops (plosives): total obstruction
nasal consonants are stops (because there is obstruction in the oral cavity), but they are not plosives.
Fricatives : partial obstruction of airflow, causes noise
Affricates: begin with a stop, end with a fricative at or near the same
place of articulation (homorganic)
Liquids : partial obstruction of airflow without noise
central liquids: airflow over the top of the tongue
lateral liquids: airflow by the sides of the tongue
Glides (semi-vowels): constriction lesser than a fricative but greater than a vowel
approximants
Voicing
State of the vocal cords
vocal cords close together permits vibration = voiced
vocal cords apart does not permit vibration = voiceless
Manner of Articulation:
Nasality and Laterality
Nasality : diacritic: [
̃ ] e.g. [ ẽ ]
Consonants: Nasal stops
Nasal vowels
Laterality: The air passes by the sides of the tongue
Lateral liquids: [ l ɭ ʎ ʟ ]
Lateral fricatives: [ ɬ ɮ ]
English Consonant Sounds
Table 3.2 Reetz & Jongman (2009)
Vowel Height (Jaw Aperture)
Height : distance between the tongue & palate
Aperture : distance between the two jaws (mandible & maxilla)
height/aperture = manner of articulation in vowels
4 degrees:
high/close
upper mid/close-mid
lower mid/open-mid
low/open
The Front/Back Dimension of Vowels
Articulator: Tongue body
The tongue forms a dome
Front/Back = Place of articulation in vowels
peak of the dome towards the front, under the hard palate = front
peak of the dome towards the back, under the soft palate = back
The Round/Unround Dimension of Vowels
round:
lips protruding forwards and rounded
unround:
spread:
lips spread from corners of mouth
neutral:
lips neither round nor spread
A tendency:
front vowels = spread
back vowels = rounded
Tense versus Lax Vowels
Tension
Tension :
muscular effort, articulated on the periphery of
the vowel space
Lax:
less effort, articulated more towards the resting
place of the tongue
Diphthongs
a sequence of two vowels that
functions as a single sound
diphthong
e.g. bow, buy, boy
Vowel chart of articulatory trajectories performed for
diphthongs in (British) English (Laver, 1994)
English Consonant Sounds
English Vowel
Sounds
Week 3
Distinctive Features, Natural Classes
Problem Set 1 available on BrightSpace (Jan.19)
Read (some of) Kennedy, Chapter 6 (Natural
Classes)
Purchase answer to see full
attachment
Academy of Art University Linguistics & Phonology Worksheet
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